How much weight can HDPE pipe support? This frame needs to be able to support 45-80lbs, not be too wobbly, and be able to stay together during rough and jerky motions. We don't collect information from our users. That's pretty narrow - most people use 1" or 1 1/4" for this application. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. There are many rumors of how the Kloeckner dog logo originated but let our employees tell you the real Kloeckner Dog Story! Learn its Benefits, Uses & Types. Flexibility makes corrugated pipes more useful and suitable for a wide variety of uses compared to rigid and non-corrugated pipes. Hovever this pipe is .2 inches thick internal diameter of 1" Brysamo 12 yr. ago I know they are different. I would go with 1" or 1 1/4". Natalie holds a MBA from Tel Aviv University with concentrations in entrepreneurship and marketing and a BA in English from UCLA. By continuing to navigate through this site or by clicking Accept, you consent to the use of cookies as described in Atkore's, Traffic Products by Allied Tube and Conduit, Calculate Tube Substitution for Schedule Pipe, Calculate Tube Substitution for Other Tube, Calculate Tube Section Properties and Load Characteristics, Specifications for Galvanized Structural Steel Tube & Pipe, Allied Tube & Conduit | Mechanical Tube Division. TS EN 13476-3 is a European standard that sets requirements for structured wall pipes made from thermoplastics, including high-density polyethylene (HDPE) corrugated pipes. Just keep in mind that a ladder is not concentrating all the weight at the exact center point of the pipe. A forum community dedicated to Do it yourself-ers and home improvement enthusiasts. The parameters for each schedule are determined by the ASME B36.10M, which is the standard governing seamless and welded steel pipe dimensions. Use your phone or other mobile device to view this calculator in your device's browser, then follow the prompts to add it as an icon! Unfortunately, your browser doesn't support those technologies. Learn its Benefits, Uses & TypesContinue, Yes, corrugated pipe can be buried underground. Both black steel pipe and galvanized pipe are made of steel, however, galvanized pipe has a zinc coating while black pipe does not. Holds up to 8,000 Pounds We have tested the pipe supports to determine exactly how much weight they can bear. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. However, its crucial to ensure that the pipe is installed correctly, taking into account factors such as soil type, traffic loads, and environmental conditions. 14 gauge: This is a commonly used gauge of CMP, with a thickness of approximately 0.0747 inches or 1.90 mm. While a pipe of 120 inch diameter with 16 and 8 gauge can sustains respectively 70 and 510 lbs per inch of pipe circumference. 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The load or weight capacity of corrugated pipes depend on various factors, including the pipes diameter, material, and wall thickness. The yield strength of a standard pipe made of A53-grade black steel is 30,000 pounds per square inch. Complete Guide to Black Iron Pipe Fittings Gear Up With. This is an amazing feat for a product so small and lightweight. and our So if the ladder rails are 16" apart, the effect of 450 lbs would be about the same as the effect of a single 300 lb load at the center. 1. Furthermore,how much weight can pipe support? How much weight can an inch of steel hold? Thicknesses are measured by both wall thickness and outside diameter. Galvanized steel pipe is suitable for most indoor and outdoor projects and industrial applications. Corrugated pipe is a type of plastic pipe with a corrugated exterior that provides strength and flexibility, making it suitable for a wide range of drainage applications, such as agricultural drainage, foundation drainage, and culvert pipes for roadway and railway drainage. The weight capacity of corrugated pipes is largely determined by the amount of soil covering them. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. This schedule pipe also sees a lot of use in construction work where its diameter, strength, and reactivity make it a reliable choice. We don't collect information from our users. to 21,280 lbs. This frame needs to be able to support 45-80lbs, not be too wobbly, and be able to stay together during rough and jerky motions. 8 PVC pipe of either schedule is extremely strong for how inexpensive it is. SN4 and SN8 pipes are different stiffness classes of HDPE and PE corrugated pipes. The undersigned agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Allied and its directors, officers, employees, agents, representatives and affiliates from any claims, damages or costs asserted against Allied arising out of any unauthorized use of this information. 12 gauge: This is one of the thickest gauges of CMP commonly available, with a thickness of approximately 0.1046 inches or 2.66 mm. In this equation, P equals the pipes internal working pressure, and S stands for how much stress the material can endure. Answer This Question. How Much Weight Can Galvanized Steel Pipe Hold. JavaScript is disabled. The bedding material should be placed around the pipe and compacted, Read More How to Keep Corrugated Pipe from Crushing?Continue, Yes, corrugated pipe is commonly used for drainage purposes. We Made an App for That! Now it is clear that weight rating of corrugated metal pipe mainly depends on diameter and gauge. From the two tests, it can be said that hot-dip galvanizing of un-coated, high-strength steel or hot-dip galvanizing of pre-galvanized, high-strength steel following acid stripping of the initial coating does not have any effect on the structural strength of the steels that are used. A clear corrugated plastic pipe with an outside diameter of 6 24 inches can support 40,000 pounds total. Pipe Weight Formula - This formula can be used to determine the weight per foot for any size of pipe with any wall thickness. It doesnt offer any such scope to enhance its intrinsic properties, thus, making it unsuitable in large-scale industrial applications, where both strength and costs need to be taken care of. Black pipe and galvanized pipe are the same material with just one difference: galvanized pipe is coated with zinc to prevent the underlying steel from corroding. The smaller sizes are exponentially weaker, but can still hold a great deal of weight if they must. According to PPI (Properly installed HDPE corrugated pipe can hold AASHTO HS-25/ H-25 loads easily with a minimum of 1 foot (0.3 meters) of soil cover for pipes with a diameter up to 48 inches (1200 millimeters) or 2 feet (0.6 meters) of soil cover for pipes with a greater diameter. Most hardware stores sell schedule 40 steel pipes. Each tire (single or dual) carries one-half of the axle load. For example, HDPE corrugated pipes classified under SN8 can withstand a minimum external load of 63 kN/mm2, which means they can support a considerable amount of weight. If you get standard (Schedule 40) black steel pipe from Home Depot, it's A53, Grade A (30,000 psi yield strength), according to their website. 10 Questions to Ask a Structural Steel Fabricator, 4 Things to Look for in a Metal Service Center. Tensile strength measures how much weight a material can hold before it breaks. The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3. It may also appear in places that need ornamentation or support. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! For example, a 10 inch diameter with 16 and 10 gauge corrugated metal pipe (CMP) made of galvanized steel or aluminum can support respectively 425 and 1,300 lbs per inch of pipe circumference. The gauge of a CMP can affect its load-carrying capacity, as thicker gauges generally have higher strength and stiffness. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Can you mix black iron and galvanized pipe? So today, steel pipes come in 14 different schedules. Subsequently, question is,can you drive over buried corrugated pipe? 2023 Kloeckner Metals Corporation. Roughly speaking, a plastic culvert can hold the weight of a backhoe or an RV. (16 gage), lbs per inch of pipe circumference. Many industries use SCH 40 steel pipe, especially industries that need to supply air, gas, and water at high temperatures. Established long-term materials properties ensure product performance throughout the design life. We have to usually get permits, if you dont Id go plastic. This calculator will compute the acceptable Allied galvanized steel tubing product size based on length and load criteria. Like most types of pipe, it has been proven that you can drive over buried corrugated drain pipe. The markings on the pipe products indicate whether they conform to the most up-to-date editions of the standards at the time of production. 12 gauge CMP is typically used for applications that require high strength and durability, such as heavy-duty culverts, storm sewers, and other large drainage systems. Easy to Install Easy to install and require minimal tools for assembly. In the same way, corrugated polypropylene pipe meets or surpasses the standards set by AASHTO M330 and ASTM F2881. In general, larger diameter pipes can withstand lower loads than smaller diameter pipes when wall thickness remains same. 1" pipe would hold up just fine but I've never seen 3/4" pipe used for multiple athletes simultaneously (and rarely for even 1 athlete). In general, black steel pipes are cheaper than galvanized pipes. Vendors & suppliers. x 2.8 = 56 lb. Its chemical composition also varies across types and welds, but as a point of reference, type S seamless weld A53 steel looks something like this: Schedule 40 and schedule 80 pipes are very similar. It makes a great pipe due to its versatility and performance strength. My brother in law and I ran into the same problem spanning a 7 foot section with 1.25" pipe. However, the typical yield strength is around 30,000 psi. Whats the Difference between Steel Pipe and What to Look For in Galvanized Steel Pipe. The pipe will hold you, but the 3/4 dia will tear the hell out of your hands (I used 3/4 for a year and a bit because the was all that would fit in the set up I had). I have read and understand the companys Privacy Policy. I do not know once it is set up if there would have been a way to take it back apart. Motivational and inspirational sources to all those parents to enjoy life with their babies, Home FAQ How Much Weight Can Galvanized Steel Pipe Hold. The size of the pipe, its nominal diameter, actual inside diameter, and actual outside diameter all fit within the right parameters. Kloeckner Metals is a full-line steel pipe and tube supplier and service center. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The section property and load values provided herein are based on nominal material thickness and square corners. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Roughly speaking, a plastic culvert can hold the weight of a backhoe or . How Much Weight Can Galvanized Steel Pipe Hold. How to calculate the weight. On Thursday, July 9, 2015 at 7:18:04 PM UTC-7, Maddog wrote: I used data for steel pipe, I'm not a professional engineer, this is worth, "Carl Ijames" wrote in message, > I recently investigated and ran the numbers for 2" pipe column, You say "Stationary loads, with no bouncing or swinging, and, usually load hung from 2 points at 1-2 feet apart rather than just at, > Oh, make them wear a football or motorcycle helmet in case the. Will this hold us or do I need to shorten to 5', or increase the thickness to1"? We don't save this data. The tensile strength of steel can be up to (very approximately) 100,000 pounds per square inch. I keep going back and forth on the 3/4 vs. 1" bar - sounds like 1" is the way to go. The black steel pipe is also used for fire sprinkler systems because it is more fire-resistant than galvanized pipe. But what if i was trying to build a crane over a job site and had a similar idea using the same materials? Either email addresses are anonymous for this group or you need the view member email addresses permission to view the original message, If I fully support 60 in. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. At Kloeckner, we can supply or cut schedule 40 steel pipes in nearly any length you need. Is black iron strong? The exact amount of soil cover necessary depends on the pipes diameter and intended use. I would like to run a 6 foot pipe for a pull-up bar at 3/4 inch thick. What pipe is the strongest? I know that factors in I just don't know the math. At a 4' span, just over 300 lbs in the middle is what it would take to yield it (permanent deflection). It may also appear in places that need ornamentation or support. Corrugated, Read More Can You Use Corrugated Pipe for Drainage? It'll deflect about a 1/4" under 300 lbs. The inside diameter is 102.3 mm. dimensions are 30"(w)x48"(l)x40(h) based on standard dimensions available at my local hardware store. Lets say youre using a one-inch pipe over a four-foot span. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. You can also save on pipe by buying full lengths of pipe. Here is a general overview of the common gauges of corrugated metal pipe (CMP) that are available in the market in the USA: Its important to note that the availability of specific gauges may vary by manufacturer or supplier. Black iron is stronger than any plastic pipe because it is made of metal. Click to expand. 1 ft2= 0.0929 m2 14 gauge CMP is suitable for a wide range of applications, from smaller drainage systems to larger culverts and storm sewers. Stainless steel is a combination of several metals making it much heavier. No; only about a 20% increase in strength, so around 360 lbs. Whats the Difference between Steel Pipe and Steel Tube? One single Leg holds up to 200 lbs. 3/4" Pipe is 1.050" (about 1-1/16") diameter. If gross and effective section property values are required, please contact Allied Tube & Conduits Mechanical Tube & Pipe Division. Have you held 3/4" pipe before? Source: Source: Corrugated Steel Pipe Design Manual, published by National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association. The strongest weight that can be put on something before it breaks is tensile strength. However, there are some factors, Read More Can You Bury Corrugated Drain Pipe?Continue, Your email address will not be published. Of course, schedule 40 pipes primary application is transporting high-temperature, high-pressure liquids for commercial and residential properties in the oil and gas industry. Polyvinyl Chloride pipes (PVC) are the best choice for underground drainage due to their durable nature. How much weight can a Schedule 40 pipe hold? When heavier materials are swapped out with HDPE, the fuel efficiency rises. Before getting too carried away with the claim of ( 30,000 psi yield strength ) that sounds more like tensile strength. This seems more than capable of handling the weight and force of kipping pullups despite the gap. Plastic is hands down the most durable. For more information, please see our Understanding Ins and OutsContinue, Corrugated pipe is a type of pipe that has a series of ridges or corrugations along their length, giving them a distinctive shape. In brief: Galvanized pipe is more durable. In general, stainless steel piping is the strongest of the two. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. On the other hand, too much soil can add extra load to the pipes due to its own weight. The product is labeled "max static load = 40lbs". The stiffness class of corrugated pipes is a classification system that indicates their load-bearing capacity. 954 pounds Schedule 40 1.5 inch diameter pipe can take 954 pounds of strength, and schedule 80 1.5 inch diameter pipe can . For example, a 36-inch culvert should have a soil cover at least 18 inches in depth. It is important to install a corrugated pipe in proper depth to keep it from crushing or collapsing. A six-inch pipe will move 550 gallons per minute. You are probably most familiar with schedule 40 PVC pipe. This calculator will compute the acceptable Allied galvanized steel tubing product size based on length and load criteria. Pipes should be either: bedded on granular material, minimum 100mm deep, or. For example, a 10 inch diameter with 16 and 10 gauge corrugated metal pipe (CMP) made of galvanized steel or aluminum can support respectively 425 and 1,300 lbs per inch of pipe circumference. The centre should be able to hold 300 pounds with a one-quarter-inch permanent deflection. Estimate water content in pipes weight and volume. Each pipe page will specify the size and cost . VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. As an example, if your pipe has an internal working pressure of 450 psi and an S value of 12,000, then your equation would look like this: 37.5 is very close to SCH 40 so you should be safe choosing that schedule. If you buy a high volume of pipe directly from a company that offers quality fabrication services, such as Kloeckner Metals, your costs will run much lower than if you went to Home Depot for the same product. 2 in. Holds up to 8,000 Pounds We have tested the pipe supports to determine exactly how much weight they can bear. Get some eyebolts, open eyebolts, Rustoleum primer, and Rustoleum paint. The black steel pipe is also used for fire sprinkler systems because it is more fire-resistant than galvanized pipe. Most schedule 40 steel pipe is made from mild steel. Were building a system thats going to move a lot of water, a four-inch pipe. The black steel pipe is also used for fire sprinkler systems because it is more fire-resistant than galvanized pipe. Are plastic culverts as strong as metal? Based on ASTM A53 - Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless. Schedule 40 steel pipe makes sturdy and attractive curtain rods, shelves, coat hooks, floor lamps, and magazine racks. 954 pounds Schedule 40 1.5 inch diameter pipe can take 954 pounds of strength, and schedule 80 1.5 inch . Approx. Understanding Ins and Outs, What is Corrugated Pipe? Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. The values above is valid for columns with rotation free and translation fixed in both ends - equal to correction factor k = 1 in the Euler Column Formula. (10 gage), lbs per inch of pipe circumference. The trench should end at least 6 to 8 feet away from the home. 3/4 Inch pipe will be to small, I would go 1 inch minimum. However it toughened my hands up like nothing else, and I haven't ripped since then FWIW. The calculator can be utilized by anyone that knows the loading criteria of their application and whether the tube will be used as a beam or column. Kloeckner Metals combines a national footprint with cutting-edge fabrication and processing technologies and most innovative customer service solutions. Galvanized steel is weaker as compared to structural steel. F-Type Variable Spring Supports designed for Operating Conditions Ranging from Loads of 1,750 lbs. At about 350 lbs, it will bend, and just keep on bending. Privacy Policy. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. The picture of chart below shows how much pressure can be put on a 2-2/3 x 1/2 inch corrugation before it breaks. Re: How much weight can plumbing pipe take? Roughly speaking, a plastic culvert can hold the weight of a backhoe or an RV. Additionally, some manufacturers may offer custom gauges or thicknesses for specific applications or projects. Is 3/4 comfortable for you. laid directly on the trench bottom, where the trench bottom can be accurately hand trimmed with a shovel but is not so soft that it puddles when walked on. Here, AASHTO HS-25/H-25 loads indicate 25 tons or 50,000 pounds. Pipe bundles allow you to buy in bulk and achieve a discounted cost on cut lengths of pipe. This steel pipe product comes in a variety of dimensions. To prevent crushing of the pipe, it is important to use the appropriate bedding and backfill as well as to properly compact the soil around the pipe. The weight that corrugated pipe can hold depends on several factors, including the pipes diameter, wall thickness, material, and installation method. 16 gauge CMP is suitable for a variety of applications, such as smaller culverts, storm sewers, and other drainage systems. The load capacity of CMP can vary depending on the pipes diameters, material thickness, and corrugation pattern. How much water can a 6 corrugated pipe handle? Your email address will not be published. Ill move 240 gallons per minute. Specify Size and Load Requirements Length/Height: in. Just having these three undetermined dimensions wasnt helpful, though. If you buy a standard pipe A53-grade, black steel it will demonstrate 30,000 psi yield strength. Which is better plastic or metal culvert? With schedule 40 steel pipe under so much pressure to perform, lets talk about what it is and why it can be the right choice for many projects. This makes it ideal for industrial and chemical applications. This means it has a carbon content of about 0.2% to 0.25%. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As an example, a 1/8th-inch nominal size schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 0.405 and a wall thickness of 0.068. Click for Data or Table: Pipe Weight - Imperial. Depending on which product you purchase, the pipe support can safely hold anywhere from 1,745 pounds to over 8,000 pounds. How much weight can a 4-inch corrugated pipe hold? Are plastic culverts as strong as steel? How much weight can a galvanized culvert hold? Galvanized steel will eventually start to corrode and can pose a hazard for drinking water, which makes it unsafe for drinking water in the long run. This means the pipe is thicker and stronger, and as a result it can handle higher pressures. Download the latest version of one of these browsers to experience the site: Natalie Spira is Kloeckner's Acquisition Marketing Manager. Height of Cover Limits for Steel Pipe. Thanks again. Uneven ground can cause visible, non-permanent damage. 2 Answers. Depending on diameter, corrugated HDPE pipe meets or surpasses the industry standards set by AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) M252 or M294 and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) F667, F2306, or F2648, and is included in the AREMA manual for use in railway projects. A lot of things influence how much weight it can support. Galvanized steel construction Compatible with steel pipes Used for residential potable water and drainage applications Male-threaded connection Zinc coated for corrosion resistance Compliant ASTM A53 specifications The gauge of a corrugated metal pipe (CMP) refers to the thickness of the metal sheets used to manufacture the pipe. Holds up to 8,000 Pounds Depending on which product you purchase, the pipe support can safely hold anywhere from 1,745 pounds to over 8,000 pounds. Strength refers to the performance of metal materials to resist damage (excessive plastic deformation or fracture) under static load. However, thicker gauges also tend to be more expensive and heavier, which can affect the installation and handling of the pipe. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Come join the discussion about tools, projects, builds, styles, scales, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! The diameter of these pipes usually ranges from 4 to 60 inches, and both perforated and non-perforated varieties are available. This is an amazing feat for a product so small and lightweight. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE), Minimum Cover Heights for Corrugated Plastic Pipe Under Vehicle Loading, HDPE Corrugated Pipes and Technical Specifications esen.com, https://pcpipe.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/HDPESpecifications-1.pdf, lbs per inch of pipe circumference. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Higher stiffness class values indicate greater stiffness and load-bearing capacity. The wall thickness of a 4-inch PVC pipe is about 0.25 inches. For reference I'd be hoping to put at max around 250 pounds on total 125 on each side. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. How much weight can schedule 40 pipe hold? What is the Difference in Galvanized Steel vs Stainless Steel Weight? You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. of 1-1/2 inch diameter black iron pipe (bought, You do not have permission to delete messages in this group. SN8 pipes have a higher load-bearing capacity than SN4 pipes. Galvanized pipe is used for residential potable water and drainage application. Cover the culvert with soil to a depth of at least 12 inches, or at least 1/2 of the diameter for larger culverts (Figure 6). The imperial formula is: Wt/Ft = 10.69* (OD - Wall Thickness)*Wall Thickness. Subsequently, question is,how much water can a 4 inch corrugated pipe handle? Maximum water flow capacities in steel pipes pipe dimensions ranging 2 24 inches. As a general rule, the weight per foot stands around 1.68 lbs. Moreover, HDPE and PE corrugated pipes are defined by the stiffness class number (SN), as per the TS EN 13476-3 standard. As an example, an H-20 truck has a total gross weight of 40 kips, with a rear axle load of 32 kips and a rear tire load of 16 kips. In truth, however, schedule 40 pipe has thinner walls than schedule 80. The strongest weight that can be put on something before it breaks is tensile strength. Yes, corrugated pipes can be used in areas with poor soil conditions. Heavy-Duty Ratchet Tie-Down Strap with J Hook Shop Vacuum Filter Cage Assembly VJ51PF.10.04.W2.00 2-Piece 0.8 GPF Ultra-High-Efficiency Single Flush Elongated Toilet in White 6 feet gives me enough space for 2 to work. How much weight can a 3/4 PVC pipe hold? Cookie Notice CMP (Corrugated Metal Pipe) is a type of pipe made from galvanized or aluminized steel sheets that are corrugated to create stiffness and durability. We don't save this data. How much dirt do you put on top of a culvert? How much weight can a galvanized culvert hold? The most commonly used one is schedule 40. This information may not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability or applicability by a licensed professional engineer. Dig a 14-inch trench where you plan to run your corrugated drainage pipe. They are so much alike, in fact, that some people conflate the two. I am looking to build a frame out of galvanized steel pipes. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. According to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the H-truck loading is represented by the symbol H-x, where x is half of the total gross weight of the truck in kips. The results provided herein were generated using recognized engineering principles and are for informational purposes only. Depending on which product you purchase, the pipe support can safely hold anywhere from 1,745 pounds to over 8,000 pounds. We Made an App for That! Robert Nichols writes: "Richard Smith" wrote in message news:lyo8eq3@richards-air-2.home http://www.polytechforum.com/metalworking/weight-bearing-strength-of-5-ft-of-black-iron-pipe-617688-.htm, http://www.amazon.com/Sun-king-precision-2000LBS-Aluminum-Digital/dp/B00WO29ZGM, https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/arch264/calculators/example7.3/index.html, http://www.strucalc.com/cantilever-column/, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/american-wide-flange-steel-beams-d_1319.html, http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=braesp, https://www.polytechforum.com/metalworking/weight-bearing-strength-of-5-ft-of-black-iron-pipe-639655-.htm, https://www.ebay.com/i/232626917798?chn=ps, http://www.amesweb.info/StructuralBeamDeflection/SimpleBeamConcentratedLoadAtAnyPoint.aspx, https://www.lowes.com/pd/Vinyl-Coated-Steel-Chain-Link-Fence-Top-Rail/999978242, http://www.weldsmith.co.uk/tech/struct/210314_ebbeam_drillplat/19_drillplat_calcs.html, https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/plumbing/standard-pipe-dimensions.html, https://amesweb.info/section/section-properties-calculator.aspx, https://amesweb.info/Beam/beam-deflection-calculator.aspx.
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